This notebook contains an excerpt from the Python Data Science Handbook by Jake VanderPlas; the content is available on GitHub.

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Vectorized String Operations¶

One strength of Python is its relative ease in handling and manipulating string data. Pandas builds on this and provides a comprehensive set of vectorized string operations that become an essential piece of the type of munging required when working with (read: cleaning up) real-world data. In this section, we'll walk through some of the Pandas string operations, and then take a look at using them to partially clean up a very messy dataset of recipes collected from the Internet.

Introducing Pandas String Operations¶

We saw in previous sections how tools like NumPy and Pandas generalize arithmetic operations so that we can easily and quickly perform the same operation on many array elements. For example:

In [1]:

import numpy as np
x = np.array([2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13])
x * 2

import numpy as np x = np.array([2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13]) x * 2

Out[1]:

array([ 4,  6, 10, 14, 22, 26])

This vectorization of operations simplifies the syntax of operating on arrays of data: we no longer have to worry about the size or shape of the array, but just about what operation we want done. For arrays of strings, NumPy does not provide such simple access, and thus you're stuck using a more verbose loop syntax:

In [2]:

data = ['peter', 'Paul', 'MARY', 'gUIDO']
[s.capitalize() for s in data]

data = ['peter', 'Paul', 'MARY', 'gUIDO'] [s.capitalize() for s in data]

Out[2]:

['Peter', 'Paul', 'Mary', 'Guido']

This is perhaps sufficient to work with some data, but it will break if there are any missing values. For example:

In [3]:

data = ['peter', 'Paul', None, 'MARY', 'gUIDO']
[s.capitalize() for s in data]

data = ['peter', 'Paul', None, 'MARY', 'gUIDO'] [s.capitalize() for s in data]

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
AttributeError                            Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-3-fc1d891ab539> in <module>()
      1 data = ['peter', 'Paul', None, 'MARY', 'gUIDO']
----> 2 [s.capitalize() for s in data]

<ipython-input-3-fc1d891ab539> in <listcomp>(.0)
      1 data = ['peter', 'Paul', None, 'MARY', 'gUIDO']
----> 2 [s.capitalize() for s in data]

AttributeError: 'NoneType' object has no attribute 'capitalize'

Pandas includes features to address both this need for vectorized string operations and for correctly handling missing data via the str attribute of Pandas Series and Index objects containing strings. So, for example, suppose we create a Pandas Series with this data:

In [4]:

import pandas as pd
names = pd.Series(data)
names

import pandas as pd names = pd.Series(data) names

Out[4]:

0    peter
1     Paul
2     None
3     MARY
4    gUIDO
dtype: object

We can now call a single method that will capitalize all the entries, while skipping over any missing values:

In [5]:

names.str.capitalize()

names.str.capitalize()

Out[5]:

0    Peter
1     Paul
2     None
3     Mary
4    Guido
dtype: object

Using tab completion on this str attribute will list all the vectorized string methods available to Pandas.

Tables of Pandas String Methods¶

If you have a good understanding of string manipulation in Python, most of Pandas string syntax is intuitive enough that it's probably sufficient to just list a table of available methods; we will start with that here, before diving deeper into a few of the subtleties. The examples in this section use the following series of names:

In [6]:

monte = pd.Series(['Graham Chapman', 'John Cleese', 'Terry Gilliam',
                   'Eric Idle', 'Terry Jones', 'Michael Palin'])

monte = pd.Series(['Graham Chapman', 'John Cleese', 'Terry Gilliam', 'Eric Idle', 'Terry Jones', 'Michael Palin'])

Methods similar to Python string methods¶

Nearly all Python's built-in string methods are mirrored by a Pandas vectorized string method. Here is a list of Pandas str methods that mirror Python string methods:

len()	lower()	translate()	islower()
ljust()	upper()	startswith()	isupper()
rjust()	find()	endswith()	isnumeric()
center()	rfind()	isalnum()	isdecimal()
zfill()	index()	isalpha()	split()
strip()	rindex()	isdigit()	rsplit()
rstrip()	capitalize()	isspace()	partition()
lstrip()	swapcase()	istitle()	rpartition()

Notice that these have various return values. Some, like lower(), return a series of strings:

In [7]:

monte.str.lower()

monte.str.lower()

Out[7]:

0    graham chapman
1       john cleese
2     terry gilliam
3         eric idle
4       terry jones
5     michael palin
dtype: object

But some others return numbers:

In [8]:

monte.str.len()

monte.str.len()

Out[8]:

0    14
1    11
2    13
3     9
4    11
5    13
dtype: int64

Or Boolean values:

In [9]:

monte.str.startswith('T')

monte.str.startswith('T')

Out[9]:

0    False
1    False
2     True
3    False
4     True
5    False
dtype: bool

Still others return lists or other compound values for each element:

In [10]:

monte.str.split()

monte.str.split()

Out[10]:

0    [Graham, Chapman]
1       [John, Cleese]
2     [Terry, Gilliam]
3         [Eric, Idle]
4       [Terry, Jones]
5     [Michael, Palin]
dtype: object

We'll see further manipulations of this kind of series-of-lists object as we continue our discussion.

Methods using regular expressions¶

In addition, there are several methods that accept regular expressions to examine the content of each string element, and follow some of the API conventions of Python's built-in re module:

Method	Description
match()	Call re.match() on each element, returning a boolean.
extract()	Call re.match() on each element, returning matched groups as strings.
findall()	Call re.findall() on each element
replace()	Replace occurrences of pattern with some other string
contains()	Call re.search() on each element, returning a boolean
count()	Count occurrences of pattern
split()	Equivalent to str.split(), but accepts regexps
rsplit()	Equivalent to str.rsplit(), but accepts regexps

With these, you can do a wide range of interesting operations. For example, we can extract the first name from each by asking for a contiguous group of characters at the beginning of each element:

In [11]:

monte.str.extract('([A-Za-z]+)', expand=False)

monte.str.extract('([A-Za-z]+)', expand=False)

Out[11]:

0     Graham
1       John
2      Terry
3       Eric
4      Terry
5    Michael
dtype: object

Or we can do something more complicated, like finding all names that start and end with a consonant, making use of the start-of-string (^) and end-of-string ($) regular expression characters:

In [12]:

monte.str.findall(r'^[^AEIOU].*[^aeiou]$')

monte.str.findall(r'^[^AEIOU].*[^aeiou]$')

Out[12]:

0    [Graham Chapman]
1                  []
2     [Terry Gilliam]
3                  []
4       [Terry Jones]
5     [Michael Palin]
dtype: object

The ability to concisely apply regular expressions across Series or Dataframe entries opens up many possibilities for analysis and cleaning of data.

Miscellaneous methods¶

Finally, there are some miscellaneous methods that enable other convenient operations:

Method	Description
get()	Index each element
slice()	Slice each element
slice_replace()	Replace slice in each element with passed value
cat()	Concatenate strings
repeat()	Repeat values
normalize()	Return Unicode form of string
pad()	Add whitespace to left, right, or both sides of strings
wrap()	Split long strings into lines with length less than a given width
join()	Join strings in each element of the Series with passed separator
get_dummies()	extract dummy variables as a dataframe

Vectorized item access and slicing¶

The get() and slice() operations, in particular, enable vectorized element access from each array. For example, we can get a slice of the first three characters of each array using str.slice(0, 3). Note that this behavior is also available through Python's normal indexing syntax–for example, df.str.slice(0, 3) is equivalent to df.str[0:3]:

In [13]:

monte.str[0:3]

monte.str[0:3]

Out[13]:

0    Gra
1    Joh
2    Ter
3    Eri
4    Ter
5    Mic
dtype: object

Indexing via df.str.get(i) and df.str[i] is likewise similar.

These get() and slice() methods also let you access elements of arrays returned by split(). For example, to extract the last name of each entry, we can combine split() and get():

In [14]:

monte.str.split().str.get(-1)

monte.str.split().str.get(-1)

Out[14]:

0    Chapman
1     Cleese
2    Gilliam
3       Idle
4      Jones
5      Palin
dtype: object

Indicator variables¶

Another method that requires a bit of extra explanation is the get_dummies() method. This is useful when your data has a column containing some sort of coded indicator. For example, we might have a dataset that contains information in the form of codes, such as A="born in America," B="born in the United Kingdom," C="likes cheese," D="likes spam":

In [15]:

full_monte = pd.DataFrame({'name': monte,
                           'info': ['B|C|D', 'B|D', 'A|C',
                                    'B|D', 'B|C', 'B|C|D']})
full_monte

full_monte = pd.DataFrame({'name': monte, 'info': ['B|C|D', 'B|D', 'A|C', 'B|D', 'B|C', 'B|C|D']}) full_monte

Out[15]:

	info	name
0	B|C|D	Graham Chapman
1	B|D	John Cleese
2	A|C	Terry Gilliam
3	B|D	Eric Idle
4	B|C	Terry Jones
5	B|C|D	Michael Palin

The get_dummies() routine lets you quickly split-out these indicator variables into a DataFrame:

In [16]:

full_monte['info'].str.get_dummies('|')

full_monte['info'].str.get_dummies('|')

Out[16]:

	A	B	C	D
0	0	1	1	1
1	0	1	0	1
2	1	0	1	0
3	0	1	0	1
4	0	1	1	0
5	0	1	1	1

With these operations as building blocks, you can construct an endless range of string processing procedures when cleaning your data.

We won't dive further into these methods here, but I encourage you to read through "Working with Text Data" in the Pandas online documentation, or to refer to the resources listed in Further Resources.

Example: Recipe Database¶

These vectorized string operations become most useful in the process of cleaning up messy, real-world data. Here I'll walk through an example of that, using an open recipe database compiled from various sources on the Web. Our goal will be to parse the recipe data into ingredient lists, so we can quickly find a recipe based on some ingredients we have on hand.

The scripts used to compile this can be found at https://github.com/fictivekin/openrecipes, and the link to the current version of the database is found there as well.

As of Spring 2016, this database is about 30 MB, and can be downloaded and unzipped with these commands:

In [17]:

# !curl -O http://openrecipes.s3.amazonaws.com/recipeitems-latest.json.gz
# !gunzip recipeitems-latest.json.gz

# !curl -O http://openrecipes.s3.amazonaws.com/recipeitems-latest.json.gz # !gunzip recipeitems-latest.json.gz

The database is in JSON format, so we will try pd.read_json to read it:

In [18]:

try:
    recipes = pd.read_json('recipeitems-latest.json')
except ValueError as e:
    print("ValueError:", e)

try: recipes = pd.read_json('recipeitems-latest.json') except ValueError as e: print("ValueError:", e)

ValueError: Trailing data

Oops! We get a ValueError mentioning that there is "trailing data." Searching for the text of this error on the Internet, it seems that it's due to using a file in which each line is itself a valid JSON, but the full file is not. Let's check if this interpretation is true:

In [19]:

with open('recipeitems-latest.json') as f:
    line = f.readline()
pd.read_json(line).shape

with open('recipeitems-latest.json') as f: line = f.readline() pd.read_json(line).shape

Out[19]:

(2, 12)

Yes, apparently each line is a valid JSON, so we'll need to string them together. One way we can do this is to actually construct a string representation containing all these JSON entries, and then load the whole thing with pd.read_json:

In [20]:

# read the entire file into a Python array
with open('recipeitems-latest.json', 'r') as f:
    # Extract each line
    data = (line.strip() for line in f)
    # Reformat so each line is the element of a list
    data_json = "[{0}]".format(','.join(data))
# read the result as a JSON
recipes = pd.read_json(data_json)

# read the entire file into a Python array with open('recipeitems-latest.json', 'r') as f: # Extract each line data = (line.strip() for line in f) # Reformat so each line is the element of a list data_json = "[{0}]".format(','.join(data)) # read the result as a JSON recipes = pd.read_json(data_json)

In [21]:

recipes.shape

recipes.shape

Out[21]:

(173278, 17)

We see there are nearly 200,000 recipes, and 17 columns. Let's take a look at one row to see what we have:

In [22]:

recipes.iloc[0]

recipes.iloc[0]

Out[22]:

_id                                {'$oid': '5160756b96cc62079cc2db15'}
cookTime                                                          PT30M
creator                                                             NaN
dateModified                                                        NaN
datePublished                                                2013-03-11
description           Late Saturday afternoon, after Marlboro Man ha...
image                 http://static.thepioneerwoman.com/cooking/file...
ingredients           Biscuits\n3 cups All-purpose Flour\n2 Tablespo...
name                                    Drop Biscuits and Sausage Gravy
prepTime                                                          PT10M
recipeCategory                                                      NaN
recipeInstructions                                                  NaN
recipeYield                                                          12
source                                                  thepioneerwoman
totalTime                                                           NaN
ts                                             {'$date': 1365276011104}
url                   http://thepioneerwoman.com/cooking/2013/03/dro...
Name: 0, dtype: object

There is a lot of information there, but much of it is in a very messy form, as is typical of data scraped from the Web. In particular, the ingredient list is in string format; we're going to have to carefully extract the information we're interested in. Let's start by taking a closer look at the ingredients:

In [23]:

recipes.ingredients.str.len().describe()

recipes.ingredients.str.len().describe()

Out[23]:

count    173278.000000
mean        244.617926
std         146.705285
min           0.000000
25%         147.000000
50%         221.000000
75%         314.000000
max        9067.000000
Name: ingredients, dtype: float64

The ingredient lists average 250 characters long, with a minimum of 0 and a maximum of nearly 10,000 characters!

Just out of curiousity, let's see which recipe has the longest ingredient list:

In [24]:

recipes.name[np.argmax(recipes.ingredients.str.len())]

recipes.name[np.argmax(recipes.ingredients.str.len())]

Out[24]:

'Carrot Pineapple Spice & Brownie Layer Cake with Whipped Cream & Cream Cheese Frosting and Marzipan Carrots'

That certainly looks like an involved recipe.

We can do other aggregate explorations; for example, let's see how many of the recipes are for breakfast food:

In [25]:

recipes.description.str.contains('[Bb]reakfast').sum()

recipes.description.str.contains('[Bb]reakfast').sum()

Out[25]:

3524

Or how many of the recipes list cinnamon as an ingredient:

In [26]:

recipes.ingredients.str.contains('[Cc]innamon').sum()

recipes.ingredients.str.contains('[Cc]innamon').sum()

Out[26]:

10526

We could even look to see whether any recipes misspell the ingredient as "cinamon":

In [27]:

recipes.ingredients.str.contains('[Cc]inamon').sum()

recipes.ingredients.str.contains('[Cc]inamon').sum()

Out[27]:

11

This is the type of essential data exploration that is possible with Pandas string tools. It is data munging like this that Python really excels at.

A simple recipe recommender¶

Let's go a bit further, and start working on a simple recipe recommendation system: given a list of ingredients, find a recipe that uses all those ingredients. While conceptually straightforward, the task is complicated by the heterogeneity of the data: there is no easy operation, for example, to extract a clean list of ingredients from each row. So we will cheat a bit: we'll start with a list of common ingredients, and simply search to see whether they are in each recipe's ingredient list. For simplicity, let's just stick with herbs and spices for the time being:

In [28]:

spice_list = ['salt', 'pepper', 'oregano', 'sage', 'parsley',
              'rosemary', 'tarragon', 'thyme', 'paprika', 'cumin']

spice_list = ['salt', 'pepper', 'oregano', 'sage', 'parsley', 'rosemary', 'tarragon', 'thyme', 'paprika', 'cumin']

We can then build a Boolean DataFrame consisting of True and False values, indicating whether this ingredient appears in the list:

In [29]:

import re
spice_df = pd.DataFrame(dict((spice, recipes.ingredients.str.contains(spice, re.IGNORECASE))
                             for spice in spice_list))
spice_df.head()

import re spice_df = pd.DataFrame(dict((spice, recipes.ingredients.str.contains(spice, re.IGNORECASE)) for spice in spice_list)) spice_df.head()

Out[29]:

	cumin	oregano	paprika	parsley	pepper	rosemary	sage	salt	tarragon	thyme
0	False	False	False	False	False	False	True	False	False	False
1	False	False	False	False	False	False	False	False	False	False
2	True	False	False	False	True	False	False	True	False	False
3	False	False	False	False	False	False	False	False	False	False
4	False	False	False	False	False	False	False	False	False	False

Now, as an example, let's say we'd like to find a recipe that uses parsley, paprika, and tarragon. We can compute this very quickly using the query() method of DataFrames, discussed in High-Performance Pandas: eval() and query():

In [30]:

selection = spice_df.query('parsley & paprika & tarragon')
len(selection)

selection = spice_df.query('parsley & paprika & tarragon') len(selection)

Out[30]:

10

We find only 10 recipes with this combination; let's use the index returned by this selection to discover the names of the recipes that have this combination:

In [31]:

recipes.name[selection.index]

recipes.name[selection.index]

Out[31]:

2069      All cremat with a Little Gem, dandelion and wa...
74964                         Lobster with Thermidor butter
93768      Burton's Southern Fried Chicken with White Gravy
113926                     Mijo's Slow Cooker Shredded Beef
137686                     Asparagus Soup with Poached Eggs
140530                                 Fried Oyster Po’boys
158475                Lamb shank tagine with herb tabbouleh
158486                 Southern fried chicken in buttermilk
163175            Fried Chicken Sliders with Pickles + Slaw
165243                        Bar Tartine Cauliflower Salad
Name: name, dtype: object

Now that we have narrowed down our recipe selection by a factor of almost 20,000, we are in a position to make a more informed decision about what we'd like to cook for dinner.

Going further with recipes¶

Hopefully this example has given you a bit of a flavor (ba-dum!) for the types of data cleaning operations that are efficiently enabled by Pandas string methods. Of course, building a very robust recipe recommendation system would require a lot more work! Extracting full ingredient lists from each recipe would be an important piece of the task; unfortunately, the wide variety of formats used makes this a relatively time-consuming process. This points to the truism that in data science, cleaning and munging of real-world data often comprises the majority of the work, and Pandas provides the tools that can help you do this efficiently.